ABSTRACT
The capabilities of hydrogen as a key role in the upcoming transition to a more sustainable green energy future have increased rapidly in recent years and gained interest globally. COVID-19 Outbreak drew attention to how important it is for us as societies to have Clean Air, Water, Food And re-established consumers behavior regarding the consumption of energy which pointed the attention at hydrogen Starting from the first meeting to fight climate change until today, the biggest steps and strategies taken against global warming focusing on hydrogen cost-reduction technologies and Carbon-based industries where hydrogen is a promising solution to transform them into Emission-free industries. This chapter reviews the most recent publications and papers on green hydrogen, its applications, and the challenges that faces us as societies to empower green hydrogen utilization in a transition to a carbon-free future, and how it can play a vital role in the energy transition with Europe latest hydrogen-based strategies to become a climate-neutral continent. And how hydrogen and its application will lead the energy transition to renewables in Turkey. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Decarbonization of the aviation sector is crucial to reaching the global climate targets. We quantified the environmental impacts of Power-to-Liquid kerosene produced via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from electricity and carbon dioxide from air as one broadly discussed alternative liquid jet fuel. We applied a life-cycle assessment considering a well-to-wake boundary for five impact categories including climate change and two inventory indicators. Three different electricity production mixes and four different kerosene production pathways in Germany were analyzed, including two Direct Air Capture technologies, and compared to fossil jet fuel. The environmental impacts of Power-to-Liquid kerosene varied significantly across the production pathways. E.g., when electricity from wind power was used, the reduction in CO2-eq. compared to fossil jet fuel varied between 27.6–46.2% (with non-CO2 effects) and between 52.6–88.9% (without non-CO2 effects). The reduction potential regarding CO2-eq. of the layout using low-temperature electrolysis and high-temperature Direct Air Capture was lower compared to the high-temperature electrolysis and low-temperature Direct Air Capture. Overall, the layout causing the lowest environmental impacts uses high-temperature electrolysis, low-temperature Direct Air Capture and electricity from wind power. This paper showed that PtL-kerosene produced with renewable energy could play an important role in decarbonizing the aviation sector.
ABSTRACT
Natural gas is acting as a transitional fuel source as the world shifts toward fully renewable energy. Recently, Europe has confirmed this continued usage of natural gas, with the European Union voting in favor of calling natural gas a "green" or "sustainable" source of energy despite some pushback. However, there is one caveat: a further transition toward biogas or green hydrogen and other renewable gases by 2035. This is a good sign that natural gas power generation units will have a solid future in the energy mix of tomorrow.
ABSTRACT
In the context of the ongoing reformatting of world economic relations, Latin American countries have increased opportunities for technological upsurge and digital modernization of key sectors of national economies. At the same time, Latin American entrepreneurs and politicians seek to act rationally and cautiously. In particular, in the energy sector, the states of the region are trying to combine the transition to carbon neutrality based on the predominant use of new technologies and renewable energy carriers with the intensive exploitation of traditional energy sources, including conventional and shale hydrocarbons. In the mining industry, the main task of Latin American countries is to decarbonize the production process with the help of "green" hydrogen and the most advanced methods of extraction and processing of raw materials. Of global importance are the huge reserves of lithium located in Latin America, without which the further deployment of the technological revolution is extremely difficult. This explains the significant interest shown by transnational corporations in the development of deposits of the "lithium triangle". In the field of agriculture in Latin America, profound changes are taking place, the system of so-called precision farming is shaping. The role of Latin American countries (primarily Brazil) as suppliers of food to the world market is constantly increasing. All this, and much more, signals new trends in the region that change its usual economic appearance. As shown in the article, the rapid growth of the technology sector in Latin America based on digitalization, "green" energy and precision farming can lead to a deep modernization of the key sectors of the economy and ensure the transition of the region to the "new business normal", which is the consistent structural transformation and adaptation of Latin American countries to post-Covid world economic realities.
ABSTRACT
Recently, we demonstrated for Curaçao that renewable electricity generation from wind combined with energy storage in the form of ammonia is competitive with imported fossil fuels, such as LNG, oil, and coal. In the current work, we have expanded the model by considering imported green ammonia as an alternative to local electricity generation and storage. Local production of ammonia as an energy storage medium was compared with imported ammonia to make up the electricity produced from onshore wind, for Curaçao and Fiji’s largest island Viti Levu. Curaçao and Viti Levu have been selected as two interesting extremes with favorable and non-favorable wind conditions, respectively. Assuming a market price of 500 USD/t NH3, it is found that importing ammonia is the most feasible solution for both islands, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.11 USD/kWh for Curaçao and 0.37 USD/kWh for Viti Levu. This compares to 0.12 USD/kWh for Curaçao;however, for Viti Levu, this value increases to 1.10 USD/kWh for a completely islanded system based on onshore wind and imported ammonia. These islands represent two extreme cases in terms of wind load factor and load consistency, as Curaçao has a high and consistent wind load factor when compared to Viti Levu. Thus, the conclusions obtained for these locations are expected to be applicable for other small island developing states.
ABSTRACT
In the absence of a price on carbon and a renewable energy target supported by emissions credit trading, the Australian Government is relying on financial support for early-stage technologies to reduce emissions: the ‘technology not taxes’ ‘principle’. Recent studies of global implementation indicate that pricing carbon is the most economically efficient way to achieve economy-wide emissions reductions. Nonetheless, financial support for early-stage technology can be a useful complementary or ‘second best’ approach. Australia's Technology Investment Roadmap and Net Zero Plan could be strengthened by detailed emissions plans on a sectoral basis, supported by interim targets set in legislation. Projected fossil fuel exports in coming decades in the Net Zero Plan are consistent with the Australian Government's ‘gas led’ Covid 19 economic recovery strategy. This underpins reliance on carbon capture and storage (CCS), despite cost and technical barriers that have led to minimal development compared to renewable energy. In the absence of interim emissions targets, Australia risks locking in fossil fuel developments on the basis of uncertain future CCS capacity. A Net Zero Plan focused primarily on scale-up of renewable energy and its use to produce hydrogen, reflecting several influential reports, state government initiatives and private sector mega projects, would have better prospects for achieving net zero emissions.